Rosenstark’s brilliant idea was to perform a pair of loop measurements with the return side terminated first on an open circuit and then on a short circuit , and then to suitably combine the two ...

Further details of the setup and the results are provided in the study “ Outdoor implied open-circuit voltage imaging of perovskite solar cells using sunlight excitation,” published in Joule.

Short circuit faults are called shunt faults. An open-circuit condition is known as a series fault. Any phase/circuit to ground condition is called a ground fault. Among all faults, a balanced 3-phase ...