Digital or vector modulation can provide increased spectral efficiency, higher data security, and higher quality communications. This comes at a cost of increased system complexity and a resultant ...

Fig 1. In this view of the architecture of an optical analyzer, the coherent reference receiver serves as the optical front end to the digitizer, taking as inputs two single-mode fibers, one carrying ...

Fig 1. A DP-QPSK transmitter and a coherent receiver with ADC and DSP are key analog components for long-distance transmission systems. Fig 2. Shown is the measured (blue, green) and simulated (red) ...