Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio control during transient operation requires an accurate estimate or measurement of the instantaneous air flow rate in an engine. Two methods are commonly used for ...

This paper first describes a mathematical model of a vertical fracture with constant conductivity in three crossflow rectangular layers. Then, three forms of vertical fracture (linear, logarithmic, ...

Using various space telescopes, an international team of astronomers have observed a newly detected very faint X-ray ...

Optimizing any cooling plant for minimal energy consumption is a demanding science. In many cases, minimizing chiller plant energy consumption requires modifications to the plant design, including ...