In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H +) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are …

Acid-base catalysis, acceleration of a chemical reaction by the addition of an acid or a base, the acid or base itself not being consumed in the reaction. The catalytic reaction may be acid-specific (acid catalysis) or base-specific (base catalysis).

In organic chemistry, Lewis acid catalysis is the use of metal-based Lewis acids as catalysts for organic reactions. The acids act as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate.

Acid catalysts are widely used in industry to catalyze a variety of reactions in oil refining processes, drug and fine-chemical syntheses, and biomass conversions [11].

Jun 30, 2023 · This page looks at the use of acid catalysts in some organic reactions. It covers the nitration of benzene, the hydration of ethene to manufacture ethanol, and the reactions both to produce esters and to hydrolyse them under acidic conditions.

In this review we summarized historical aspects of the development of acid catalysts and catalysis, fundamental points concerning acidity in the solid state and structure-acidity relations in the most common materials applicable as solid acid catalysts.

Nov 13, 2022 · Acid-base catalysis. Many reactions are catalyzed by the presence of an acid or a base; in many cases, both acids and bases will catalyze the same reaction. As one might expect, the mechanism involves the addition or removal of a proton, changing the reactant into a more kinetically labile form. A simple example is the addition of iodine to ...

Jan 1, 2020 · For the first two reactions, Ipatieff and co-workers developed a solid catalyst, denoted as SPA (Solid Phosphoric Acid), a mixture of phosphoric acid and kieselguhr or diatomaceous earth, and vapor phase heterogeneously catalyzed processes.

Aug 10, 2022 · In this section we will investigate the mechanism underlying the catalysis by small molecules of chemical reactions. Presumably, biological macromolecular catalyst (like protein enzymes) will use similar mechanisms in their catalytic effects (which will be discussed in …

Acids (including Lewis acids) and bases act as powerful catalysts for a great variety of chemical reactions, in the laboratory, in industry, and in processes occurring in nature.